Neurons are uniquely large and polarized cells, with specialized functions in information transfer. These characteristics pose significant challenges for the basic mechanisms that sustain all cells, requiring sophisticated adaptation and specialization in neuronal cell biology. The course will explore these specializations and adaptations, including the following topics: neuronal cytoskeleton and transport, compartmentalization and membranes, local protein synthesis, RNA biology in neurons, energy supply and regulation, and neuronal growth and maintenance. Student seminars will cover examples of these mechanisms in contexts ranging from neurodevelopment to neurodegeneration.