1. Introduction: History of bioenergetics research (from Lavoisier to Mitchell’s chemiosmotic theory). Evolution of mitochondria (the endosymbiotic theory).
2. The components of the respiratory chain (respiratory complexes, OXPHOS system, ATP synthase)
3. Approaches for studying bioenergetics I: at the level of the cell, of isolated mitochondria and muscle biopsies (ATP, NAD(P)H, respirometry, mitochondrial potential).
4. Approaches for studying bioenergetics II: metabolism at the level of the whole organism during rest and exercise (direct and indirect calorimetry, BMR, RQ).
5. Thermogenesis: Shivering and non-shivering thermogenesis. Brown adipose tissue (UCP1 and its regulation).
6. Reactive oxygen species: oxidative damage, antioxidant enzymatic mechanisms, role of ROS in cell signaling during exercise.
7. Regulation of mitochondrial mass by diet and exercise I: Mitochondrial biogenesis- (PGC1 alpha) and its regulation (AMPK, SIRT1, SIRT3).
8. Regulation of mitochondrial mass by diet and exercise II: Mitochondrial clearance- autophagy, mitophagy and their regulation (mTOR, PINK1 and Parkin).
9. Mitochondrial dynamics: Fusion, fission and their various functions (Mfn1/2, OPA1, DRP1).
10. Mitochondria in apoptosis (BAD, BAX).
11. Mitochondrial Ca2+ in physiology and pathology (PTP, NCLX, MCU).
12. Mitochondria in disease I: Mitochondrial DNA and mitochondrial genetic diseases (LOHN, Leigh syndrome, MELAS).
13. Mitochondria in disease II: Metabolism in cancer (Warburg effect).
14. Mitochondria in disease III: Metabolism in diabetes.